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All 3 posts Subject: Anhydride quiz Please login to post Down

Barium
(Heavyweight Chempion(eer))
05-05-04 15:38
No 505044
      Anhydride quiz

If the mixed anhydride 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride is reacted with benzylamine, which product can be expected? Is it N-benzylacetamide or N-benzyl-3-phenylpropionamide. Of course it is the last product that is my target. I know it can be made by reacting the mixed anhydride 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride with more acetic anhydride to give the full anhydride 3-phenylpropionic anhydride followed by amination with benzylamine. But I don't want to waste unnecessary amounts of acetic anhydride since the full anhydride only give one mol amide/mol anhydride. Thus one mol liberated 3-phenylpropionic acid must be isolated and reacted with acetic anhydride again. It would sure be less wasteful if the mixed anhydride would give the target product accompanied with the liberation of one mol HOAc. But I keep forgetting which anhydride is aminated in a mixed system. blush

Severe Aztecoholic and President of Sooty's fanclub - Sooty for President!!

Rhodium
(Chief Bee)
05-05-04 16:08
No 505052
User Picture       I think that reaction would be non-selective

I'm not sure if you would get a selective reaction at all. The acetic residue is less sterically hindered for attack by the amine, but on the other hand the phenylpropionic residue will give a more stable tetrahedral intermediate...

I think you should give up this scheme in favor of 3-phenylpropionyl chloride (from thionyl chloride treatment of either the acid or the mixed anhydride, followed by evaporating any excess thionyl chloride in vacuo, then use the crude acyl chloride as is).

^{The Hive - Clandestine Chemists Without Borders}

Kinetic
(Hive Bee)
05-05-04 17:54
No 505082
      Mixed anhydrides

I agree with Rhodium.

I'm not sure the mixed anhydride will be stable. It may well disproportionate to the respective non-mixed anhydrides; this would explain why there is only a single reference for 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride in Beilstein, and that is a kinetic study: Indian J. Biochem., 13 (1976), 350.

There will probably be little chance of regioselective nucleophilic attack as the carbonyl groups are too similar to one another.

I know you don't like acid chlorides but the 3-phenylpropionyl chloride won't be particularly volatile, unlike the stinky lower order acid chlorides. If you could use the crude acid chloride as Rhodium suggests this would minimise your exposure (admittedly the use of thionyl chloride may negate any benefit from this).

An alternative is the use of trifluoroacetic anhydride to make stable mixed anhydrides which are entirely selective for attack on the preferred carbonyl. There are two general ways to do this:

1. Add 1 equivalent of trifluoroacetic anhydride to the desired carboxylic acid, stir for a while (a few minutes was sufficient when using TFAA/acetic acid) and you have an almost quantitative yield of mixed anhydride which is stable to disproportionation. If necessary (as will be in your case) the TFA byproduct can be precipitated by treatment with an equivalent of pyridine or other tertiary amine.

2. Add 1 equivalent of trifluoroacetic anhydride to an equivalent of the plain carboxylic acid anhydride. The equilibrium shifts almost entirely to the formation of two moles of mixed anhydride, with no TFA byproduct.

The mixed anhydride which forms in both cases is a powerful acylating agent in its own right, and can acylate highly activated arenes with no catalyst. With a little extra TFA in the mixture as catalyst even normal aromatics (anisole, benzodioxole) can be acylated in 80-90% yield.

There is a comprehensive study on formation, stability and subsequent reactions of various mixed carboxylic acid-trifluoroacetic acid anhydrides in J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2006-2011.^* It details the Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole I mentioned above, and also formations of esters and amides from mixed anhydrides. Although reactions of 3-phenylpropionic trifluoroacetic anhydride are not specifically detailed, the formation and reactivity of the mixed anhydrides is generic to all the 'normal' carboxylic acids, and nucleophilic attack occurs on the desired carbonyl (as long there is a large enough difference between the pK_a values of the respective acids, but this is not a concern in your case).

^*One of the co-authors of this paper was J. M Tedder, who was also the author of Chem. Rev. 55, 787-827 (1955) (https://www.rhodium.ws/pdf/trifluoroacetic.anhydride.pdf).

I'm curious as to why you want the N-benzyl amide. My first though was a Hoffman reaction to the PEA but I don't know why you'd want a benzyl group around if that was your intention. Is it yet another top-secret project? wink

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	All 3 posts		Subject: Anhydride quiz		Please login to post		Down


		Barium (Heavyweight Chempion(eer)) 05-05-04 15:38 No 505044				Anhydride quiz
						If the mixed anhydride 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride is reacted with benzylamine, which product can be expected? Is it N-benzylacetamide or N-benzyl-3-phenylpropionamide. Of course it is the last product that is my target. I know it can be made by reacting the mixed anhydride 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride with more acetic anhydride to give the full anhydride 3-phenylpropionic anhydride followed by amination with benzylamine. But I don't want to waste unnecessary amounts of acetic anhydride since the full anhydride only give one mol amide/mol anhydride. Thus one mol liberated 3-phenylpropionic acid must be isolated and reacted with acetic anhydride again. It would sure be less wasteful if the mixed anhydride would give the target product accompanied with the liberation of one mol HOAc. But I keep forgetting which anhydride is aminated in a mixed system. Severe Aztecoholic and President of Sooty's fanclub - Sooty for President!!



		Rhodium (Chief Bee) 05-05-04 16:08 No 505052				I think that reaction would be non-selective
						I'm not sure if you would get a selective reaction at all. The acetic residue is less sterically hindered for attack by the amine, but on the other hand the phenylpropionic residue will give a more stable tetrahedral intermediate... I think you should give up this scheme in favor of 3-phenylpropionyl chloride (from thionyl chloride treatment of either the acid or the mixed anhydride, followed by evaporating any excess thionyl chloride in vacuo, then use the crude acyl chloride as is). ^{The Hive - Clandestine Chemists Without Borders}



		Kinetic (Hive Bee) 05-05-04 17:54 No 505082				Mixed anhydrides
						I agree with Rhodium. I'm not sure the mixed anhydride will be stable. It may well disproportionate to the respective non-mixed anhydrides; this would explain why there is only a single reference for 3-phenylpropionic acetic anhydride in Beilstein, and that is a kinetic study: Indian J. Biochem., 13 (1976), 350. There will probably be little chance of regioselective nucleophilic attack as the carbonyl groups are too similar to one another. I know you don't like acid chlorides but the 3-phenylpropionyl chloride won't be particularly volatile, unlike the stinky lower order acid chlorides. If you could use the crude acid chloride as Rhodium suggests this would minimise your exposure (admittedly the use of thionyl chloride may negate any benefit from this). An alternative is the use of trifluoroacetic anhydride to make stable mixed anhydrides which are entirely selective for attack on the preferred carbonyl. There are two general ways to do this: 1. Add 1 equivalent of trifluoroacetic anhydride to the desired carboxylic acid, stir for a while (a few minutes was sufficient when using TFAA/acetic acid) and you have an almost quantitative yield of mixed anhydride which is stable to disproportionation. If necessary (as will be in your case) the TFA byproduct can be precipitated by treatment with an equivalent of pyridine or other tertiary amine. 2. Add 1 equivalent of trifluoroacetic anhydride to an equivalent of the plain carboxylic acid anhydride. The equilibrium shifts almost entirely to the formation of two moles of mixed anhydride, with no TFA byproduct. The mixed anhydride which forms in both cases is a powerful acylating agent in its own right, and can acylate highly activated arenes with no catalyst. With a little extra TFA in the mixture as catalyst even normal aromatics (anisole, benzodioxole) can be acylated in 80-90% yield. There is a comprehensive study on formation, stability and subsequent reactions of various mixed carboxylic acid-trifluoroacetic acid anhydrides in J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2006-2011.^* It details the Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole I mentioned above, and also formations of esters and amides from mixed anhydrides. Although reactions of 3-phenylpropionic trifluoroacetic anhydride are not specifically detailed, the formation and reactivity of the mixed anhydrides is generic to all the 'normal' carboxylic acids, and nucleophilic attack occurs on the desired carbonyl (as long there is a large enough difference between the pK_a values of the respective acids, but this is not a concern in your case). ^One of the co-authors of this paper was J. M Tedder, who was also the author of Chem. Rev. 55, 787-827 (1955) (https://www.rhodium.ws/pdf/trifluoroacetic.anhydride.pdf). I'm curious as to why you want the N-benzyl amide. My first though was a Hoffman reaction to the PEA but I don't know why you'd want a benzyl group around if that was your intention. Is it yet another* top-secret project?

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